anatomy and physiology of sensory system ppt

Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), also known as phenylthiourea (PTU), is only detected by ~70% of the population on average. Because the tectorial membrane only moves where the basilar membrane moves, the hair cells in this region will also only respond to sounds of this specific frequency. The frequency of the fluid waves match the frequencies of the sound waves (Figure 14.6). Do you and your lab partner vary in your sensitivities? Most auditory stimuli contain a mixture of sounds at a variety of frequencies and intensities (represented by the amplitude of the sound wave). Terms in this set (50) Five basic senses. 3 285-296 doi: 10.1083/jcb.201003144). Movements generate electrical signals in hair cells, which signal sensory neurons with released chemical neurotransmitters. Describing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction. Mechanoreceptors in the skin, muscles, or the walls of blood vessels are examples of this type. Frequencies in the higher ranges of 20 KHz are encoded by hair cells at the base of the cochlea, close to the round and oval windows (Figure 14.10). The choroid is posterior to the ciliary body, a muscular structure that is attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments, or zonule fibers. The conjunctiva extends over the white areas of the eye (the sclera), connecting the eyelids to the eyeball. a. Additionally, we possess general senses, also called somatosensation, which respond to stimuli like temperature, pain, pressure, and vibration. These cells release neurotransmitters onto a bipolar cell, which then synapses with the optic nerve neurons. The entry of Na+ into these cells results in the depolarization of the cell membrane and the generation of a receptor potential. In other words, in a dark room, everything appears as a shade of gray. There, amacrine cells additionally contribute to retinal processing before an action potential is produced by the RGC. There is more variability among individuals than accounted for by the original 1942 map (not shown, intentionally). Another way that receptors can be classified is based on their location relative to the stimuli. As stated above, a given region of the basilar membrane will only move if the incoming sound is at a specific frequency. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. Higher frequency waves move the region of the basilar membrane that is close to the base of the cochlea. Specific organs include: In order to investigate and understand sensory processes, we will investigate their anatomical structures (at macro- and microscopic levels) and physiological functions. The inner segment contains the nucleus and other common organelles of a cell, whereas the outer segment is a specialized region in which photoreception takes place. The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a neuron that has a free nerve ending, with dendrites embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation; (2) a neuron that has an encapsulated ending in which the sensory nerve endings are encapsulated in connective tissue that enhances their sensitivity; or (3) a specialized receptor cell, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus (Figure 14.2). This bends the stereocilia either toward or away from the tallest member of each array. Taste can be identified using solutions of chemicals known to stimulate distinct receptor proteins. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. _______________, Are your eyes exactly the same? This first fiber in the pathway synapses on a thalamic cell that then projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe where seeing, or visual perception, takes place. Based on the animation, where do frequenciesfrom high to low pitchescause activity in the hair cells within the cochlear duct? The peripheral nerve provides the pathway for motor, sensory and vegetative axons belonging to the peripheral nervous system. Nociceptive Pain. The first two tastes (salty and sour) are triggered by the cations Na+ and H+. These modalities include pressure, vibration, light touch, tickle, itch, temperature, pain, proprioception, and kinesthesia. Different types of papillae are found in different regions of the tongue. It is the bipolar cell in the retina that connects a photoreceptor to a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in the inner synaptic layer. People fall into two groups known as tasters and non-tasters based on the density of papillae on their tongue, which also indicates the number of taste buds. For example, a bright blue light that has a wavelength of approximately 450 nm would activate the red cones minimally, the green cones marginally, and the blue cones predominantly. The tube is normally closed but will pop open when the muscles of the pharynx contract during swallowing or yawning. HISTORICAL NOTE: The standard map of taste buds common in many lab manuals has been disproved by subsequent research (J. Therefore, hair cells at the base of the cochlea are activated only by high frequencies, whereas those at the apex of the cochlea are activated only by low frequencies. Receptor can refer to specific protein molecules which first interact with the matter or energy, the cell(s) that contains those proteins, or an assembly of cells in the larger organ. The photoisomerization is reversed by a series of enzymatic changes so that the retinal responds to more light energy. Sensory System f Sensory Organs (Receptors) Monitor the internal and external environment Transmit signals from periphery to CNS for processing Critical for homeostasis f Types of Sensory Receptors Functional Types Based on modality (type of environmental change they sense) 1. When you eat something salty, the salt crystals dissociate into the component ions Na+ and Cl, which dissolve into the saliva in your mouth. This spasm is a reflex that is initiated by stretch receptors to avoid muscle tearing. Other cranial nerves contain both sensory and motor axons, including the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves (however, the vagus nerve is not associated with the somatic nervous system). Whereas spinal information is contralateral, cranial nerve systems, with some exceptions, are mostly ipsilateral, meaning that a cranial nerve on the right side of the head is connected to the right side of the brain. Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo As vibrations of the ossicles travel through the oval window, the fluid of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani moves in a wave-like motion. In addition to describing anatomy and function, the book also provides insight as to how sensory information is processed in the brain to provide the basis for . They are the superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and lateral rectus. This condition is known as anosmia. This video gives an abbreviated overview of the visual system by concentrating on the pathway from the eyes to the occipital lobe. The group of axons called the olfactory tract connect to the olfactory bulb on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe. Sensory neurons can have either (a) free nerve endings or (b) encapsulated endings. Some travel to the cerebrum, specifically to the primary olfactory cortex that is located in the inferior and medial areas of the temporal lobe. LM 812. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus. One network of neurons in the retina sends signals to one ganglion cell. PTC tasting test kits provide material to survey the class. This complexity allows you to be aware of your surroundings and take appropriate actions. When the stereocilia bend toward the tallest member of their array, tension in the protein tethers opens ion channels in the hair cell membrane. All other colors fall between red and blue at various points along the wavelength scale. When it contracts, it laterally rotates the eye, in opposition to the superior oblique. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Using the plates are you able to detect the image present for the presented colors? For this reason, capsaicin can be used as a topical analgesic, such as in products such as Icy Hot. Uploaded on Jan 02, 2020 James P Dunbar + Follow tion visceral pain pain transmission noxious stimuli referred visceral pain The auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane are often referred to as the external ear. The nasal epithelium, including the olfactory cells, can be harmed by airborne toxic chemicals. The affinity for each of these molecules varies, and some will taste sweeter than glucose because they bind to the G proteincoupled receptor differently. What may be happening with your cone cells within your retinas? In many sensory organs, additional cells and tissues will contribute to the process of signal transduction. The scala tympani and scala vestibuli lie on either side of the cochlear duct. Clinically, pain can be labeled " nociceptive " if it is inferred that the pain is due to ongoing activation of the nociceptive system by tissue injury. The optic disk, the sight where ganglion cell axons exit the eye, does not contain photoreceptors. Comparison of Color Sensitivity of Photopigments. Sensory (olfactory) neurons are present at the top of the nasal cavity, extending their axons into the cranium. This occurs when a stimulus changes the cell membrane potential of a sensory neuron. Take your time! To use the chart, find the red tape on the floor. Stretching of the skin is transduced by stretch receptors known as bulbous corpuscles. 1999-2023, Rice University. Many of the somatosensory receptors are located in the skin, but receptors are also found in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, ligaments, and in the walls of visceral organs. Sensory epithelial cells release neurotransmitter signal molecules to sensory neurons of cranial nerves. They provide information about the position or movement of different parts of the body as well as the length and extent of contraction along with muscle tension. Cell Biology, 2010 vol. welcome to Ms. stephens' anatomy and Physiology and Environmental . The focused image is directed toward the fovea (or fovea centralis), which contains the highest density of photoreceptor neurons. The inner ear contains the cochlea and vestibule, which are responsible for audition and equilibrium, respectively. The C-shaped curves of the auricle direct sound waves toward the auditory canal. what type of matter or energy they detect and subsequently transduce to produce our perceptions (e.g. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature. Light striking photoreceptor neurons activate networks of retinal neurons. Watch this video to learn more about how the structures of the ear convert sound waves into a neural signal by moving the hairs, or stereocilia, of the cochlear duct. A sound wave causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The basilar membrane is the thin membrane that extends from the central core of the cochlea to the edge. Balance & Movement (The Vestibular System): C: Romberg Testing Involves Maintaining Balance: source@https://libguides.daltonstate.edu/PrinciplesofBiology/labmanual, Visible light (Electromagnetic Radiation), Multilayered nervous sheet within the eye with muscles and lenses for focusing, Flexible hair cells that release signal molecules based on waves in fluid started by the motion of the, A layer of neurons at the top of the nasal cavity, Clusters of epithelial cells that release signals to neurons if specific chemicals are present (e.g. Anatomy & Physiology Lecture 2301 (Martini text-Pearson) (2301 13978) Course Materials; Pearson PowerPoints (fundamentals A&P 11th edition) Pearson PowerPoints (fundamentals A&P 11th edition) Lecture PowerPoint slides from the textbook Ask anyone what the senses are, and they are likely to list the five major sensestaste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight. 190 no. This book uses the The middle ear is connected to the pharynx through the Eustachian tube, which helps equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane. Hearing involves the signal transduction of mechanical waves into neural signals in the cochlea, within the inner ear. After placing the strip on your tongue do you taste anything? Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance), are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor. The taste known as umami is often referred to as the savory taste. The utricle and saccule are both largely composed of macula tissue (plural = maculae). The organ of Corti, containing the mechanoreceptor hair cells, is adjacent to the scala tympani, where it sits atop the basilar membrane. Modality refers to the way that information is encoded, which is similar to the idea of transduction. Strike the fork so it makes a sound and move it to front, back, side, and top of the head at a constant distance, holding it to allow the subject to point out the location. Therefore, the function of bitter taste may primarily be related to stimulating the gag reflex to avoid ingesting poisons. These new axons grow along the axons that are already in place in the cranial nerve. These cells release neurotransmitters onto a bipolar cell, which then synapses with the optic nerve neurons. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012). __________________, ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________, Color-blindness can be tested with an appropriate Standard Pseudoisochromatic plates (e.g. You will have to identify these structures using both the sheep or cow eye and the models. The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each is transduced. The unit of Hertz measures the frequency of sound waves in terms of cycles produced per second. Raised bumps called papillae (singular = papilla) contain the structures for gustatory transduction. However, the tendon of the oblique muscles threads through a pulley-like piece of cartilage known as the trochlea. The otolithic membrane moves separately from the macula in response to head movements. The otoliths essentially make the otolithic membrane top-heavy. The superior oblique originates at the posterior orbit, near the origin of the four rectus muscles. In a darkened room, there is not enough light to activate cone opsins, and vision is entirely dependent on rods. Anatomy and physiology of pain. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012), (a) The olfactory system begins in the peripheral structures of the nasal cavity. However, there are a number of different ways in which this can happen because there are a large diversity of bitter-tasting molecules. The afferences to the peri Humans consistently recognize certain odorants (e.g. General senses often contribute to the sense of touch, as described above, or to proprioception (body movement) and kinesthesia (body movement), or to a visceral sense, which is most important to autonomic functions. consent of Rice University. You can repeat this with your left eye, staring at the circle. Creative Commons Attribution License Ex. The center of the retina has a small indentation known as the fovea. Light passes through the eyeball via the cornea, pupil, and lens. Olfactory signals are the only sensory system to send signals directly to the limbic system, which is integral to memory and emotional functions. Other monosaccharides such as fructose, or artificial sweeteners such as aspartame (NutraSweet), saccharine, or sucralose (Splenda) also activate the sweet receptors. As the fluid waves move through the scala vestibuli and scala tympani, the basilar membrane moves at a specific spot, depending on the frequency of the waves. Eventually, there are electrical and chemical signals within our brains. Free Nerve Endings Direct stimulation of sensory neurons the sensory neuron is also the receptor dendrites of sensory neurons 1. The stapes is then attached to the inner ear, where the sound waves will be transduced into a neural signal. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. The video makes the statement (at 0:45) that specialized cells in the retina called ganglion cells convert the light rays into electrical signals. What aspect of retinal processing is simplified by that statement? The auditory receptors for the ear (shown below) include the: Within the inner ear, the 3 semicircular canals are arranged at right angles to each other, and they contain hair cells and fluid similar to the cochlea. These two structures bend the lens, allowing it to focus light on the back of the eye. Anosmia may also be related to some presentations of mild depression, because the loss of enjoyment of food may lead to a general sense of despair. Until the retinal molecule is changed back to the 11-cis-retinal shape, the opsin cannot respond to light energy, which is called bleaching. The dorsal root contains only the axons of sensory neurons, whereas the ventral roots contain only the axons of the motor neurons. Specific locations along the length of the duct encode specific frequencies, or pitches. This region is referred to as the olfactory epithelium and contains bipolar sensory neurons. If you differ, then provide a possible explanation as to why: This lab has been adapted from Rice University and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License License (3.0). Stimuli in the environment activate specialized receptor cells in the peripheral nervous system. Some of the branches will synapse with local neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, posterior (dorsal) horn, or even the anterior (ventral) horn, at the level of the spinal cord where they enter. Golgi tendon organs similarly transduce the stretch levels of tendons. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation longer than 720 nm fall into the infrared range, whereas wavelengths shorter than 380 nm fall into the ultraviolet range. Loss of the sense of smell can result in food tasting bland. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and identify several branches of each Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization Identify the functional characteristics of human life Identify the four requirements for human survival When a large group of photopigments is bleached, the retina will send information as if opposing visual information is being perceived. Specific oils for these are available and can be prepared as serial dilutions. Sour taste is the perception of H+ concentration. shape of the eye. The tongue is covered with small bumps, called papillae, which contain taste buds that are sensitive to chemicals in ingested food or drink. The scala tympani ends at the round window, which is covered by a membrane that contains the fluid within the scala. The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and articulates with the incus. A special sense is one that has a specific organ devoted to it, namely the eye, inner ear, tongue, or nose. Signal transduction is the process of a receptor detecting specific forms of matter or energy, and activating chemical and electrical changes in neurons. Which ear structures are responsible for the amplification and transfer of sound from the external ear to the inner ear? The outermost layer is the fibrous tunic, which includes the white sclera and clear cornea. The first half of the pathway is the projection from the RGCs through the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus on either side. LM 1600. Neurotransmitters from the gustatory cells can activate sensory neurons in the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves. The sensory receptors detect the surroundings, like temperature changes and the central nervous system controls our body. By comparing the relative movements of both the horizontal and vertical ampullae, the vestibular system can detect the direction of most head movements within three-dimensional (3-D) space. Outer ear - from pinna (or auricle) to tympanum (also known as tympaninc membrane or eardrum). Therefore, our low-light vision isin essencein grayscale. The axon of an olfactory neuron extends from the basal surface of the epithelium, through an olfactory foramen in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and into the brain. A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor transduces stimuli into membrane potential changes. The fluid-filled tube, now called the scala tympani, returns to the base of the cochlea, this time travelling under the cochlear duct. The superior oblique is innervated by the trochlear nerve. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, The complexity of the pressure waves is determined by the changes in amplitude and frequency of the sound waves entering the ear. Some structures are quite tough including the lens and sclera (in Latin, sclera means tough!). The oval window is located at the beginning of a fluid-filled tube within the cochlea called the scala vestibuli. LM 412. If you exhibit some degree of colorblindness, what type? The posterior cavity is filled with a more viscous fluid called the vitreous humor. Using the model of the ear find the following structures: ear canal, tympanum (tympanic membrane), ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes in order moving inward into the ear), cochlea, semicircular canals. Very recent research has suggested that there may also be a sixth taste for fats, or lipids. For example, when the superior rectus contracts, the eye rotates to look up. Hearing and balance are also sensed by mechanoreceptors. Specific molecules (odorants) bind to receptor proteins and activate neural electrical signals (action potentials). Some other organisms have receptors that humans lack, such as the heat sensors of snakes, the ultraviolet light sensors of bees, or magnetic receptors in migratory birds. When you can no longer read a line accurately with one eye, then this is the acuity for that eye. Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. Only a few recognized submodalities exist within the sense of taste, or gustation. We do not perceive the blind spot because the brain interpolates information to fill in the gaps. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. The specific response depends on which molecule is binding to the receptor. __________________ Average distance? Sensory systems include organs, tissues, and cells that receive stimuli from the environment and send this information to the brain for processing. Sucrose and NaCl are common tests for sweet and salty. However, this increased sodium intake can increase blood volume and blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. A particular body part's function depends on its structure. After a bright flash of light, afterimages are usually seen in negative. See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers THE SKELETON BONES AND JOINTS Relate damage in the spinal cord to sensory or motor deficits. spearmint, orange, anise). At the uppermost tip of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli curves over the top of the cochlear duct. These cells are located within the vestibule of the inner ear. citation tool such as, Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. In addition, certain pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics, can cause anosmia by killing all the olfactory neurons at once. She recognized that her sense of taste was unique compared with other people she knew. The absorbance of rhodopsin in the rods is much more sensitive than in the cone opsins; specifically, rods are sensitive to vision in low light conditions, and cones are sensitive to brighter conditions. Concentration 1: _____________ Concentration 2: _____________ Concentration 3: _____________ Concentration 4: _____________ Concentration 5: _____________. Photoreceptors in the eyes, such as rod cells, are examples of (c) specialized receptor cells. Possible Specimens & Models for examination: (sheep or cow) eyeballs for dissection, microscope slides of the retina, and models of eyes. Below, list the micromolar concentrations of mint and circle the one where you can begin to smell the mint. Taste involves stimulation of receptor proteins on gustatory cells within taste buds. Visible light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 and 720 nm. Differentiate between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron diseases. The neural signals generated in the vestibular ganglion are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem and cerebellum. Rods are so sensitive to light that a single photon can result in an action potential from a rods corresponding RGC. are licensed under a, Structural Organization of the Human Body, Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response, Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems, Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back, Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax, Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System, Circulation and the Central Nervous System, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange, Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, Digestive System Processes and Regulation, Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Human Development and the Continuity of Life, Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System, Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System, Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages.
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