We were nearly run down by a kamikaze on a motorcycle. ), Teaching and training for global engineering: Perspectives on culture and professional communication practices (pp. We suggest further studies in military technical communication, emphasizing cultural differences between different militaries. 2. an airplane used for this purpose. Technical Communication, 48(3), 297308. Katz concluded critically that the German memo was not only highly effective from the standards of modern technical communication, but it operated like much later modern technical communication through an ethics of expediency where the means justify the ends and the ends are never in question (p. 257). We're here to help your child succeed. The threat of invasion was real and the military situation desperate. docx, 36.18 KB. Feifer, G. (2012). We're here to help your child succeed. It is safe to say, then, that the Japanese cultural mindset in 1945 was favorably inclined toward desperate military attacks that would have been unthinkable even a few years before, in early 1942, when the war was going in Japans favor. As technical communication professors, we first became interested in analyzing these manuals as particularly extreme examples of the genre that test the boundaries of what can be considered technical instruction. This, the last paragraph of the total 49, is emblematic of Manual 1 as a whole. A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. In the battle for the Philippines, approximately 500 pilots were lost in suicide attacks (Correll, 2015). However, we note that the entire manual, once read through, has a noticeable additive effect. Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's Privacy Policy ). Fortunately, the manual provides the solution, which is an order not to be disappointed and to prepare for the next attack. She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. It is always difficult to match documents to effect, but the relative success of the Togo squadrons suggests they played some persuasive role in ensuring discipline among pilots that were internally struggling with their impending deaths. . Conclusion: Through the genre of procedure, the two manuals help legitimize and normalize an invariably suicidal act. Even with this focus on the officer in command, Manual 1 still falls safely within the states model of procedural discourse described by Farkas (1999) as it often, deliberately or not, blends the pilots roles with those of the officers. Baer, G. W. (1996). The normalizing power of writing-from-a-distance in these manuals cannot be underestimated. 6 my original view, the bright, filled paperweight.. 7 It may be at war, it may be sick with tyrants,. These are not objective instructions but rhetorical acts, and the extreme nature of the intended desired state make them excellent examples of such acts for pedagogy when demonstrating the wide range of the manual genre for students and instructors. We have leads on other such manuals in existence, but these two examples suffice to demonstrate the genre and open the door to further exploration. The pilots daughter reflects on whether this shunning was like a death in itself: he must have wondered which had been the better way to die. Her father was a ghost of a man from the time he chose to return home. Some may have flown but deliberately missed their targets, perhaps, but the existent diaries and letters cannot testify to the final flights. 'incantation' - a magic spell or chant 'bunting' - strings of flags, often used in celebration 'breakers' - big waves that come in to the shore 5 8. Kamikaze. Negative verdicts of military discourse include sexism in a U.S. vehicle maintenance manual (Bernhardt, 1992), communicative incompetence by a Civil War general (Loges, 1995), dangerous negligence to a nearby civilian community by a U.S. facility (Dragga & Gong, 2014), and inconsistency to the long-term detriment of soldier health in medical discourse (Lindsey, 2015). The ancient and medieval military manuals that Bliese (1994) reviews, for example, are exclusively for high-level commanders in elite social classes and offer strategies for using ground troops in conventional conflicts. We placed a special emphasis when collaborating on what rhetorician Michael Leff has called the effort to interpret the intentional dynamics of a text (Things, 1992, p. 223) with the goal of producing an account of the rhetorical dynamics implicit within it [the text] (Legacy, 1986, p. 378). Strike an enemy vessel that is either moored or at sea. 'green blue translucent sea'. Stackpole Books. However, in this desperate context, that same appeal becomes much more morbid in Manual 2 than the style of Manual 1. His voice is lost because his family chooses to shun him. Subscribe to Beyondfrom as little as 5 per month, giving you access to a range of resources. kamikaze language techniques religious interview questions and answers sharleen spiteri ashley heath . Furthermore, we suggest that, even early on, Manual 1 represents what we call, for lack of a better term, a closed procedure. We are not equating these with the Togo, but it is, again, hard to distance ourselves from the emotion inherent in an act that demonstrates a near-total disregard for self, even when the testimony of the pilot diaries suggests this was often a fatalistic veneer constructed to deal with an effectively inescapable fate. A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. A valuable critical overview of WWIIpoets by the Poetry Foundation. There is also a deeper, darker reading of brain-washing and state manipulation in the line. Figure 2 is a sample excerpt taken from Chapter 1 that, upon a cursory glance, illustrates the cumbersome nature of the majority of steps included. Comparisons and alternative. All rights reserved. Ganier, F. (2004). The concept of "god" was originally represented only by the right part, . AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. The standard introduction to technical/professional writing class at the undergraduate level usually leans on a catch-all, genre-based textbook that has a single chapter on instructions, if that, with relatively pedestrian examples. However, perhaps most notable about these images is what they do not includeany real aspect of hurtling hundreds of miles an hour in a plane toward a collision with a huge, near-stationary steel target that is actively shooting back, or the sudden explosion in a giant ball of fire and debris. The manuals aim to shut down doubts not only in the officers mind but in his subordinate pilots as well. These two words in the span of Sections 3 and 4 suggest, then, the document has some ethical seams. This manual (later referred to as Manual 1) is 22 pages long and contains several distinctive images reproduced in this article. Kamikaze key quotes and themes 8 terms KatieBor20 Poppies Key Quotes & Inferences 18 terms ameliahewitt03 Ozymandias Key Quotes 9 terms amberjag123 Remains key quotes 10 terms betty_warnock Recent flashcard sets S.194 27 terms quizlette64992435 spanish vocab 35 terms k25zliene18 Milchsorten Fettgehalt 7 terms Honigbrot1291 Dance Final 21 terms Results: We explore different complementary and dynamic rhetorical aspects of the texts, such as their approach to their respective audiences, the recurring subjects of remorse and questioning orders, the normalization of the suicidal act, the need for mental toughness in the pilots, the recurring use of the imperative mood, and the dehumanizing role of images. Soldiers disobeying an order could be executed summarily, and their entire families could suffer consequences as well; this discipline was just as harsh in the Togo squadrons, where officers sometimes capriciously sent pilots they disliked out on missions while delaying others from more prominent families (Ohnuki-Tierney, 2006, p. 11). On the question of visuals, Dragga and Voss (2001) advocate that technical communicators should genuinely integrate words and pictures instead of simply juxtaposing the two on the page or screen (p. 271). Neologism 9. (p. 78). Images and encouraging language can be helpful, certainly, but they also ethically enable. Journal of Business Communication, 47(2), 141168. Although the guard force and Togo troop often become separated if the battle begins in the air, it is necessary for the direct guard force to avoid being separated from Togo troop. Also, the claim that a successful attack opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military is telling in that, taken literally, the message is that the fate of the entire Japanese military is dependent on the success of the Togo squadrons. Outcomes of Language Techniques Language features 15 Important English language Techniques 1. (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. The pilots of these more conventional aircraft at least had a chance of returning to a carrier or airfield; the only chance for a Togo pilot to return was if he failed to locate a target. This emotional overlay serves to cushion doubts the pilots might havethe implication is that there will be no pain, only a closing moment of sublimity. The rhetoric of misdirection in corporate privacy-policy statements. Therefore, the chief agency of these attacks is not in the hands of the individual pilots but their commanders and the authors of these manuals. Even just before impact, the pilots cannot even close their eyes; total commitment is necessary throughout the entire doomed flight. PDF downloads of all 1725 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. The work on this site may be copied and/or adapted for use in the classroom or for private study. Proverb 5. Of particular interest, given the growing interest in intercultural rhetorics, would be not only drawing further attention to the context of military documentation but how different militaries have taken differing approaches to the same mundane task. The narration covers her visit to a war memorial, interspersed with images of the soldiers childhood and his departure for war. Bernhardt, S. A. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. We then rhetorically analyzed the text in a similar manner to how a wide variety of technical communication texts in the literature have been treated, such as engineering documents (Ding, 2001), 16th century commercial reports (Moran, 2002), corporate privacy policy statements (Markel, 2005), scientific papers (Reeves, 2005), and CEO letters (Conaway, 2010), among others. The value of Bernhardts analysis, then, as with ours, lies in the ability to describe how the instructional rhetorical maneuveringin Bernhardts case, using sex to sell (p. 221) the need for vehicle maintenancefunctions uniquely within a military context. Shame and Honor It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. Thematic analysis of U.S. and Latin American CEO letters. These three modes of communication; the mental/spiritual, the technical, and the vivid; blend together here to create compelling content. Lyons Press. A sampling follows: (30) In the case of surprise attack, a very low altitude horizontal attack is to be [made] when the height of clouds is low, at night, at dawn, at dusk, or when using airplane types such as airplane 67 or airplane 45, etc., and in responding to the conditions at the time, [the troop] is to do a dive or a horizontal crash. Garland's Perspective Adding motivational elements to an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on usability and motivation. . The poem tells us about a Japanese womans father. Were the goals reasonable in this case? Mohrmann. Do their words really matter? Loges, M. (1995). Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2001). The word kamikaze means divine wind in Japanese. 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In this poem, the poet uses the themes of the brutality of war, destruction, death, terror, impassivity, and ignorance. Not only is he shunned by his neighbors, but his wife refuses to speak to him or look him in the eye. Also, in February 1944, General Hideki Tojo, prime minister and head of the military, issued an emergency declaration, where he essentially stated that all of Japan had to be prepared to die, using the phrase ichioku gyokusai, 100 million shattering like a jewel (Sato, 2017).
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